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Monitoring Economic, Political,
Cultural and Environmental Developments General Background ACCCI information
on key cities in China: http://www.accci.com.au/keycity/kcintro.htm.
Index to ACCCI
key cities in China: http://www.accci.com.au/keycity/keycity.htm. “Autonomous Regions
of China” from Wikipedia. This is very
brief and contains no references for source material, but it is a useful
starting point for those whose knowledge of China’s autonomous regions is
limited. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_china. Information Office
of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, “China’s Ethnic
Policy and Common Prosperity and Development of All Ethnic Groups”, 27
September 2009. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7078073.htm. China’s Autonomous Regions (in order
as given below): Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region – 新疆維吾爾自治區 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 內蒙古自治區 Tibet
Autonomous Region – 西藏自治區 Ningxia
Hui Autonomous Region – 寧夏回族自治區 Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous Region – 廣西壯族自治區 Plus: Dai People's Autonomous Prefecture
(Yunnan Province) Comments are invited on
anything contained in the listed documents and suggestions for additional linked
documents are encouraged. Email to: Policy@accci.com.au |
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Xinjiang
Uyghur |
Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Xinjiang
Uyghur Autonomous Region Last
updated: 16 April 2015 General
Background From Wikipedia Ian Johnson,
“China: What the Uyghurs See,” The New York Review of Books, 13 April 2015. Available at: http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2015/apr/13/wild-pigeon-what-uighurs-see/. This is a review of Carolyn Drake’s book, Wild
Pigeon. “Uyghur
People”. This outlines the history of
the Uyghur people, including the Uyghur Empire (744-840 CE). Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people. “East Turkestan
Independence Movement”. This is a
broad term referring to those who advocate an independent, self-governing
East Turkestan. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement.
“East Turkestan
Islamic Movement”. Background to one
of the more militant
organisations that advocate the creation of an independent Islamic State of
East Turkestan. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement.
From Chinese
Sources Cui Jia and Zhu Zhe, “Xinjiang
Support Package Unveiled”, China Daily,
12 May 2010. Outlines recent policy
developments in Beijing that offer support for the development of Xinjiang
Uyghur Autonomous Region. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-05/21/content_9874981.htm. “Illuminating
China’s Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions: Inner Mongolia”. undated. Available
at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43608.htm.
China Information
Gateway, “Introduction to Xiangjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region”. Undated. Available at: http://www.china-guide.de/english/a_profile__of_china/xinjiang/index.html. From US Council on
Foreign Relations Preeti Bhattacharji, “Uyghurs and
China’s Xinjiang Region”, updated 6 July 2009. Available at: http://www.cfr.org/publication/16870/uighurs_and_chinas_xinjiang_region.html.
Preeti Bhattacharji, “Religion in China”, dated 16 May,
2008. Includes a brief coverage of the
atheist CCP, Christian House Churches, Islam and Uyghurs
in Xinjiang, Tibetan Buddhists and Falun Gong. Available at: Holly Fletcher and Jayshree Bajoria, “The East
Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)”, updated 31 July 2009. Available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/9179/east_turkestan_islamic_movement_etim.html.
From Other Sources Edward Wong, “China Invests in Region Rich in Oil,
Coal and Also Strife,” The New York
Times, 20 December 2014. Available
at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/world/asia/china-invests-in-xinjiang-region-rich-in-oil-coal-and-also-strife.html.
“China is investing more than ever in the
vast, resource-rich Xinjiang region with the aim of bolstering oil extraction
and refining, coal production, power generation, and natural
gas production and transport. That is happening despite soaring ethnic
violence.” Radio Free Asia, “Xinjiang Raids Point to Religious
Controls”, Eurasia Review, 10 March
2012. Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/10032013-xinjiang-raids-point-to-religious-controls/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. Raids on Muslim Uyghur homes for religious
materials are raising concerns about a general crackdown on religion in
China’s restive northwestern Xinjiang region. Radio Free Asia, “China: Uyghurs
Held After House Searches”, Eurasia
Review, 28 December 2011. The
article reports on security checks on citizens of China’s troubled
north-western Xinjiang region as at least five ethnic minority Uyghurs were detained for possession of material deemed
subversive to Beijing. Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/28122011-china-uyghurs-held-after-house-searches/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. S. Frederick Starr, ed., Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Border, M.E. Sharpe, Inc (New
York). The book is comprehensive in
its historical treatment (both political and cultural) of the Xinjiang
region. A preview is available
at: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tfWq65DlGxkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=xinjiang&source=bl&ots=8TQa63A1wI&sig=l3d13QYD-SIFAFip1KvvlgD7cVw&hl=en&ei=1qlpTOLZJ4KeuAOJ74D-Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=13&ved=0CEsQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Graham E. Fuller
and S. Frederick Starr, The Xinjiang
Problem, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, The Johns Hopkins University
(undated). This is a follow-up book to
Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Border and
provides geopolitical implications as well as policy recommendations that
emerged from the group of scholars who participated in the first book. Available at: www.silkroadstudies.org/docs/publications/OLD/xinjiang_final.pdf. More on East Turkestan Independence Movement David D. Wang, “East Turkestan Movement in
Xinjiang”, Journal of Chinese Political
Science, Vol. 4, No. 1 (June 1998).
Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/ch1k1777r1h74758,
but note that, except for subscribers to the journal, a fee is charged for
downloading. Seva Gunitskiy, “In the Spotlight: East Turkestan
Islamic Movement”, dated 9 December 2002, US Centre for Defence
Information. Available at: http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/etim.cfm.
Opinions and Analyses Cultural Issues Nicholas
Bequelin, “The Price of China’s Uyghur Repression,”
The New York Times, 25 September
2014. The author expresses the
opinion that the jailing of Ilham Tohti will radicalise more Uyghurs. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/opinion/nicholas-bequelin-china-jailing-of-ilham-tohti-will-radicalize-more-uighurs.html. Tania Branigan, “Chinese Authorities Tighten Security in
Xinjiang Region after Surge in Violence,” The
Guardian, 90 July 2014. Available
at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chinese-tighten-security-xinjiang-violence-uighur-muslim-minority. Yufan Hao and Weihua Liu, “Xinjiang:
Increasing Pain in the Heart of China’s Borderland”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 21, No. 74 (February 2012),
pp 205-225. The
authors argue that the Xinjiang issue involves China's core interests and
will require increasing attention as it comprises a serious challenge to the
Beijing authorities. Available for
purchase at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2012.635927. Radio
Free Asia, “Uyghur Conference Sparks Japan-China Row”, Eurasia Review, 20 May 2012.
The article describes Japanese parliamentarians calling on Beijing not
to interfere with how Japan treats China’s ethnic minority Uyghurs, following the close of an exile Uyghur group’s
biennial meeting in Tokyo. Available
at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/20052012-uyghur-conference-sparks-japan-china-row/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. *Associated Press,
“12 Dead in Xinjiang Clash: China Says Civilians Targeted, Uyghurs Say Violence Aimed at Police”, The Washington Post, 29 February
2012. Available at: *Gianna Gayle Amul, “Xinjiang:
Defusing Tensions Through Development – Analysis”, Eurasian Review
, 27 February 2012.
The author suggests that China needs to balance its policy of dealng with extremism with a stronger push for economic
development in the country’s Western region.
Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/27022012-xinjiang-defusing-tensions-through-development-analysis/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+R. Justin
V. Hastings, “Charting the Course of Uyghur Unrest”, The China Quarterly, Vol. 208 (December 2011), pp, 893-912. The author suggests that the locations and
types of violent incidents were influenced by a combination of Chinese
government policies and the political geography of Xinjiang, indicating that
Uyghur rebels may have a difficult time mounting a large-scale violent
campaign as long as China retains even minimal control of Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region. Downloads are
available for subscribers or for purchase of single issue at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8473602. James Tong, “The
Xinjiang Problem (I): Stabilisation and Rectification Policies, 1996-98:
Editor’s Introduction”, Chinese Law and
Government, Vol. 43, No. 1 (January-February 2010), pp. 3-8. Plus James Tong, “The
Xinjiang Problem (II): Violent Disturbances and Religious Policy, 1995-98:
Editor’s Introduction”, Chinese Law and
Government, Vol. 43, No. 2 (March-April 2010), pp. 3-9. These two short articles summarise
information obtained from several documents and speeches by top Xinjiang Party and government officials at that time. Available for purchase at: http://mesharpe.metapress.com/app/home/issue.asp?referrer=parent&backto=journal,4,38;linkingpublicationresults,1:110903,1
and at: Lin Yi, “Ethnicisation through Schooling: The Mainstream
Discursive Repertoires of Ethnic Minorities”, The China Quarterly, Vol. 192 (December 2007), pp. 933-948. The author examines the rationale for
cultural transformation, particularly through education, in China. Downloads may be purchased at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?iid=1587448. Nimrod Baranovitch, “Inverted Exile: Uyghur Writers and Artists
in Beijing and the Political Implications of Their Work”, Modern China, Vol. 33, No. 4 (October
2007), pp. 462-504. The article
examines both political and sociological aspects of outward migration of Uyghurs from Xinjiang.
Download is free (currently) at: http://mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/462. China’s Modern Security Challenges Xinhua, “China
Focus: Legislators, Advisors Urge US
to Abandon Terrorism Double Standard,” People’s
Daily, 3 March 2014. Available at:
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8552766.html. Michael Clarke, “Beijing Redoubles Counter-Terrorism
Efforts in Xinjiang.” East Asia Forum,
26 February 2014. Available at: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/02/26/beijing-redoubles-counter-terrorism-efforts-in-xinjiang/. Marc Lanteigne, Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction,
Routledge.
Publication date: 12 February 2009.
Chapter 5 is devoted to strategic thinking and the roles of the
Military. More information on the book
is available at: http://www.routledge.com/books/Chinese-Foreign-Policy-isbn9780415465243.
Border Protection in China’s Northwest Region Mildred Cable, et
al, The Challenge of Central Asia:
A Brief Survey of Tibet and its Borderlands, Mongolia, North-West Kansu,
Chinese Turkistan and Russian Central Asia, published in 1929 by World
Dominion Press and is available for reading online through the University of
Chicago Libraries at: http://www.archive.org/stream/MN41986ucmf_3#page/n11/mode/2up.
Andrew Scheieson, “The
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation” (composed of China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), updated 24 March 2009. Available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/shanghai_cooperation_organization.html.
Human Rights Watch “Uyghurs’ Plight Discussed During the 13th Session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva”, 19 March 2010. Available at: http://www.uhrp.org/articles/3661/1/Uyghurs-Plight-Discussed-During-the-13th-Session-of-the-UN-Human-Rights-Council-in-Geneva/index.html. “China: Account for Uyghur Refugees Forcibly
Repatriated to China”, 28 January 2010.
Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/01/28/china-account-uighur-refugees-forcibly-repatriated-china. Joshua Kurlantzick,
“Broken Promises: Bush’s Shameful Record on Combating Human Rights Abuses in
China”, dated 12 May 2008. Available
from The New Republic at: http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/broken-promises: “China: Gross
Violations of Human Rights in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region”, dated 31
March 1999, an Amnesty International
Report. Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/018/1999.
“China: Human
Rights Concerns in Xinjiang”, dated October 2001, a Human Rights Watch Backgrounder. Available from http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm.
“Xinjiang
Separatism and Human Rights”, dated 2008 by Facts and Details (Jeffrey Hays).
Available at http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=163&catid=5&subcatid=89.
Greg Sheridan, “Uyghurs Must Fight for Rights Within China”, dated 13
August 2009 from The Australian. Available at: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/uighurs-must-fight-for-rights-within-china/story-e6frg76f-1225760782546.
The Riots in 2009,
and Continuing Philip Wen and Sanghee Liu, “’They
Should Be Chopped into Minced Meat:’” Fury in Xinjiang as Terror Toll Rises, The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 May
2014. Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/world/they-should-be-chopped-into-minced-meat-fury-in-xinjiang-as-terror-toll-rises-20140523-zrmjt.html. See also, Andrew Jacobs, “In China’s Far
West, A City Struggles to Move On, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 23 May 2014. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/24/world/asia/residents-try-to-move-on-after-terrorist-attack-in-china.html?hp. Edward Wong,
“Chinese Governor Signals Crackdown on Separatists,” The New York Times, 6 March 2014.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/world/asia/chinese-governor-signals-crackdown-on-separatists.html?action=click&contentCollection=Europe®ion=Footer&module=Recommendation&src=recg&pgtype=article. Chris Buckley,
“Violence in Restive Chinese Region Prompts Crackdown,” The New York Times, 29 June 2013. “The Chinese government’s worries about Xinjiang deepened
after a riot by Uyghurs on Wednesday in Turpan Prefecture left 35 people dead, according to state
news media. Rioters killed 24 people, and police officers fatally shot 11
rioters, the reports said.”
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/asia/china-orders-security-crackdown-after-riots-in-restive-region.html?hp No author cited,
“Let Them Shoot Hoops”, The Economist,
12 August 2011.
The article suggests that China’s
turbulent west is unlikely to be calmed by plans for economic development
Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/21524940. *Keith B. Richburg, “Blast in Western Chinese City Kills Seven”,
The Washington Post, 19
August. An assailant riding a
three-wheeled vehicle attacked a contingent of security volunteers in Aksu city in China’s western region of Xinjiang, killing
seven people and wounding 14 others in the first such incident since ethnic
rioting shook the area a year ago.
Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/19/AR2010081901996.html?wpisrc=nl_pmheadline. Translation from Xin
Yu (in Mandarin) and Hai Na
(in Cantonese), “Xinjiang Online, Controls Remain”, Radio Free Asia,
19 May 2010. This and the following
two links provide an update to the riots in 2009. Available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/internet-05192010113601.html. Tania Branigan,” A Year on from Xinjiang Riots, Ethnic Divisions Are ‘Greater Than Ever’”, The Guardian, 5 July 2010. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/05/xinjiang-china-riots-one-year-on. Other related articles from The Guardian are listed at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/xinjiang. Marianne Barriaux, “China Deploys Troops for Xinjiang Riot
Anniversary”, The Sydney Morning Herald,
5 July 2010. Available at: http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/china-deploys-troops-for-xinjiang-riot-anniversary-20100705-zxqo.html Martin I. Wayne,
“Inside China’s War on Terrorism”, Journal
of Contemporary China, Volume 18, Issue 59 (March 2009), pp.
249-261. Downloads may be purchased at:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=g908174333. “Eyewitness
Accounts of Xinjiang Riots”, updated 7 July 2009, China Daily. Available at:
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/07/content_8384840.htm.
Christina Larson,
“How China Wins and Loses Xinjiang”, dated 9 July 2009. Christina writes that although China’s
Crackdown in Xinjiang province was effective in quelling the restless Uyghur
population, the tactics seem more likely to foster resistance and resentment
than peace and passivity. Available
at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/09/how_china_wins_and_loses_xinjiang?page=0,0.
Josh Chin, “Global
Post: Confused about the Xinjiang Riots?
Follow the Money”, dated 12 July 2009.
The author argues that the unrest in China’s Xinjiang province is less
about Islam and more about economics.
Available at: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/china-and-its-neighbors/090711/confused-about-the-xinjiang-riots-follow-the-money?page=0,0.
James Leibold, “The Xinjiang Riots: Tired Paradigms, Fresh
Tensions”, 14 July 2009 from the China
Beat. The author is a Senior
Lecturer in Politics and Asian Studies at La Trobe University and author of Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism,
Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. The blog in
China Beat gives a well-balanced assessment of the riots and is generally
critical of media coverage of the event.
Available at: http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2009/07/xinjiang-riots-tried-paradigms-fresh.html.
Tania Branigan, “Hundreds Face Trial Over Deadly Xinjiang
Riots”, 24 August 2009 from The
Guardian. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/24/china-trials-xinjiang-riots.
Sreeram Chaulia, “Xinjiang Riots Confound Islamists”, dated 29
July from Asia Times Onlne.
Available at http://www.atimes.com.
Development
Progress in Xinjiang Keith B. Richburg,
“China’s Push to Develop Its West Hasn’t Closed Income Gap with East, Critics
Say”, Washington Post, 29 June
2010. The article includes information
on recent development projects in China’s western provinces, especially
mining activities. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/28/AR2010062804979.html Sascha Klotzbücher,
Peter Lässig, Qin Jiangmei
and Suxanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik,
“What is the New in the ‘New Rural Co-operative Medical System”? An
Assessment in One Kazak County in the Xinging
Uyghur Autonomous Region”, The China
Quarterly, Vol. 201 (2010), pp 38-57. This article addresses the main
characteristics of this system, analyses the introduction of local schemes
based on field studies in one Kazak county of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region since 2006, and concludes that local initiatives account for much of
the progress of the scheme. Downloads
may be purchased at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7398236&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0305741009991068. “White Paper on
Development and Progress in Xinjiang”, dated 21 September 2009 from People’s Daily. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ethnic/2009-09/21/content_8717461_3.htm.
Mike Dillon, Contemporary China – An Introduction, Routledge 2008.
Chapter 18 is devoted to Xinjiang.
Also included is “Western Development Program” (Chapter 21), “China
and the World 1: “Strategic Relationships” (Chapter 22); “China and the World
2: New Neighbours to the West” (Chapter 23); “China and a Harmonious
Society’? The book is available in
some libraries in electronic form. Hugo Burgh, China: Friend of Foe? Icon Books
(Cambridge), 2006. Chapter 8 is
devoted to Tibet and East Turkestan.
This book may be available from some libraries in electronic form. |
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Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region Last
updated: 8 June 2013 General
Background From Wikipedia “Inner
Mongolia”. This is particularly useful
for the historical development and a brief statement of current
conditions. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia.
“Mongolia”. The early history and the consolidation of
the Mongol State are given in greater detail in this section. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mongolia.
From Chinese
Sources “Illuminating
China’s Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions: Inner Mongolia”. Undated. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/45690.htm.
“Doing Business in
Inner Mongolia”, (undated) from China Ministry of Commerce. Available at: http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aroundchina/neimenggu.shtml. China Information
Gateway “An Introduction to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region”. Undated. Available at: http://www.china-guide.de/english/a_profile__of_china/inner_mongolia/index.html. Opinions and Analyses Bhaskar Roy, “Chinese Communist Party Vs Tibetan Civilization – Analysis”, Eurasian Review, 10 November
2011. The author suggests it is time that the
CCP viewed the Tibetan issue from a globalized perspective than the Maoist
view of the Cultural Revolution. Available
at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/10112011-chinese-communist-party-vs-tibetan-civilization-analysis/ Andrew Jacobs, “Ethnic Protests in China Have
Lengthy Roots’, The New York Times,
10 June 2011. The articles contains
information relating to the recent ethnic protects in Inner Mongolia. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/asia/11mongolia.html?amp. Jonathan Watts, “Herder’s Death Deepens Tensions in
Inner Mongolia”, The Guardian, 27
May 2011. Protests erupt after
Mongolian herder was run over by a coal truck as he tried to stop a mining
convoy driving across prairie land.
Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/27/tensions-herders-miners-inner-mongolia?INTCMP=SRCH. A follow-up article by the same author is
entitled: “Inner Mongolia Protests Prompt Crackdown”, The Guardian, 30 May 2011. The CCP chief in Inner Mongolia orders
censorship of information and a clampdown on visitors. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/30/mongolia-protests-communist-party-crackdown?INTCMP=SRCH. Tania Branigan, “China
Loses Thousands of Historic Sites”, The
Guardian, 14 December 2009. Agaggressive development in China, including illegal mining in Inner
Mongolia, has destroyed tens of thousands of historic sites in the last three
decades, as determined from a national survey. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/14/china-historic-sites-survey. David Sneath, Changing
Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State, Oxford
Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, 2000. Information about the book can be obtained
from online booksellers. Border Protection
for Inner Mongolia Mildred Cable, et
al, “The Challenge of Central Asia: A Brief Survey of Tibet and its
Borderlands, Mongolia, North-west Kansu, Chinese Turkistan and Russian
Central Asia, published in 1929 by World Dominion Press and is available for
reading online through the University of Chicago Libraries at: http://www.archive.org/stream/MN41986ucmf_3#page/n11/mode/2up.
Inner Mongolia’s Abundant Resources Michael Forsythe,
“Planning to Manage Riches Wisely”, The
New York Times, 16 February 2010.
Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter.html. United Nation
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), “Inner
Mongolia”. This includes a brief
description of Inner Mongolia’s natural resources. Available at: http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/chinadata/innermongolia.htm.
Fred Bernstein, “In Inner Mongolia, Pushing
Architecture to Its Outer Limits”, dated 1 May 2008 from the New York Times. The article indicates that the resource
rich desert region of China did not feel the effects of the global financial
meltdown that affected other parts of the world. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/garden/01mongolia.html.
“The Hunt for Rare
Earths”, dated 8 October 2009, from The
Economist. Available at: http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14587710.
Environmental
Issues Bruce Marcot (both text and photos), “Human and Ecological
Communities of Inner Mongolia, China:
A System of Stress”, undated but later than 2002. Available at: http://www.aracnet.com/~brucem/imar1.htm.
Asian Development
Bank, “Resettlement Planning Document – People’s Republic of China: Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Improvement Project”, dated March 2006. Available at: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Resettlement_Plans/PRC/39019-PRC-RP.pdf.
Human Rights Watch Internet site of
the Inner Mongolia People’s Party: http://www.innermongolia.org/english/index.html.
Development and
Progress in Inner Mongolia Asian Development
Bank Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report, ”Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region Trade Facilitation and Logistics Development
Strategy”, dated September 2006 and available at: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/36027-REG/36027-08-REG-TACR.pdf.
“Province
Introduction of China: Inner Mongolia”, dated 1 April, 2009, includes recent
economic and commercial statistics.
Available: http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/business-in-china/100084489-1-province-introduction-china%253A-inner-mongolia.html.
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Tibet |
Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Tibet Autonomous
Region Last
updated: 15 July 2-15 General
Background From Wikipedia “Tibet Autonomous
Region”. This includes a brief history
together with some demographic information and economic data. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region. From Chinese
Sources “Illuminating
China’s Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions: Tibet”. Undated.
Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43606.htm. China Information
Gateway, “Introduction to Tibet Autonomous Region”. Undated.
Available at: http://www.china-guide.de/english/a_profile__of_china/tibet/index.html. From Recent Books John Gittings, “The
Struggle for Tibet by Wang Lixiong │Tsering Shakya and The End of
the Revolution: China and the Limits of Modernity by Wang Hui”. The is a
commentary on two new books that articulate China’s internal debate. The Guardian, 3 April 2010. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/apr/03/struggle-tibet-wang-lixiong-china. Cultural Issues No author cited, “A
New Way Forward,” The Economist 22
June 2012. Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21579845-proposals-different-approach-tibet-suggest-some-china-know-their-policies-are-not. See also Lan
Fang, “Aid Programs in Tibet Lack Efficiency, Says Scholar”, Caixin Online,
18 December 2012. Available at: http://english.caixin.com/2012-12-18/100473750.html. Tania Branigan, “Tibetan Activists Launch Boycott of
InterContinental Over Hotel Plans”, The
Guardian, 24 May 2013. Available
at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/23/tibet-activists-boycott-intercontinental-hotel-plan.
BC, “Buddhism and
Self-Immolation: The Theology of Self-Destruction”, The Economist, 22 March 2013.
Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2013/03/buddhism-and-self-immolation?fsrc=nlw|newe|3-25-2013|5375260|34237756|. Nick Cumming-Bruce,
“UN Rights Official Faults China on Tibetan Suppression”, The New York Times, 2 November
2012. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/03/world/asia/un-rights-official-faults-china-on-tibetan-suppression.html. Parameswaran Ponnudurai,
“China – Tibet: Net Turning Point for Burnings – Analysis”, Eurasia Review, 30 October 2012. Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/30102012-china-tibet-new-turning-point-for-burnings-analysis/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. Mandip Singh, “The
Turnaround in China’s Tibet Policy: Will Tourism Boost Benefit Tibetans? –
Analysis”, Eurasia Review, 20 July
2012. Available at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/20072012-the-turnaround-in-chinas-tibet-policy-will-tourism-boost-benefit-tibetans-analysis/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. Robert D Sloane,
“Tibet, Cynical Sinicism and the Tragedy of Seof-Immolations”,
East Asia Forum, 9 May 2012. Available at: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/05/09/tibet-cynical-sinicism-and-the-tragedy-of-self-immolations/ Simon Denyer, “Self-Immolations Reflect Rising Tibetan Anger”, The Washington Post, 2 April
2012. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/self-immolations-reflect-rising-tibetan-anger/2012/04/01/gIQA2szapS_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines. Radio Free Asia,
“China: Defiant Tibetans Hold Protests”, Eurasia
Review, 9 February 2012. Available
at: http://www.eurasiareview.com/09022012-china-defiant-tibetans-hold-protests/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29. Banyan, “China’s
Tibetan Problem: More Turbulent Monks”, The
Economist, 24 April 2011.
Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/04/chinas_tibetan_problem. John Garnaut, “Religious Ties that Bind in Tibet”, The Age, 3 July 2010. The writer recounts selected aspects of the
political-religious conflict that became apparent in the early 1990s. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/world/religious-ties-that-bind-in-tibet-20100702-zu3q.html. State Council
Information Office, “White Paper on Tibetan Culture”, 22 June (year not
given). Available at: http://english.people.com.cn/features/tibetpaper/tibet.html.
Reza Hasmath and Jennifer Hsu, “Social Development in Tibet
Autonomous Region: A Contemporary and Historical Analysis”, International Journal of Development
Issues, Vol. 6, Issue 2 (2007), pp. 125-141. Available for free download (this may be
subject to change in the future) at: Xiaofei Kang, “Two
Temples, Three Religions and a Tourist Attraction”, Modern China, Vol. 35, No. 3 (May 2009). The article examines the interaction
between China’s religious revival and the development of tourism. Short-term download is available for
purchase at: http://mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/3/227. Environmental
Issues Zou Xue-Yong, Li Sen, Zhang
Chun-Lai, Dong Guang-Rong, Dong Yu-Xiang and
Yan-ping, “Desertification and Control Plan in the Tibet Autonomous Region of
China”, Journal of Arid Environments,
Vol. 51, Issue 2 (June 2002), pp. 183-198.
Purchase download through: http://www.sciencedirect.com. State Council
Information Office, “White Paper on Ecological Improvement and Environmental
Protection in Tibet”, 10 March (year not given). Available at: http://english.people.com.cn/whitepaper/tbpaper/tb.html. Tony Banks, Camille
Richard, Li Ping and Yan Zhaoli, “Community-Based
Grassland Management in Western China, Mountain
Research and Development, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 132-140. Available from the World Bank at: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/54262/ Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch, “I Saw It With My Own Eyes”, 21 July 2010. This is a 73-page report based on more than 200 interviews with Tibetan refugees and visitors conducted immediately after they left China and also includes official Chinese sources not previously reported. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/07/22/i-saw-it-my-own-eyes-0. Malcolm Moore, “We
Must Prioritise Human Rights in China”, The Telegraph, 9 August 2010. Moore suggests that by concentrating on
trade, Britain is exposing the shallowness of its principles. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/7934093/We-must-prioritise-human-rights-in-China.html. “People’s Republic
of China – Tibet Autonomous Region: A
Year of Escalating Human Rights Violations”, Amnesty International Report, 6 March 2009. Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/011/2009/en. Tibetan Centre for
Human Rights and Democracy, Annual
Reports. The centre is located in
India and reports from 1996 to 2008 are available online at: http://www.tchrd.org/publications/annual_reports/. News Watch China Tibet
Information Centre published a wide range of new items about Tibet and the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Available at: http://eng.tibet.cn/. An Indian community
organisation in Thailand collects news items about Tibet. It is available at: http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/tag/tibet-autonomous-region. Border Protection
for Tibet Greg Bruno, “America’s Obligations to Tibet”, The Guardian, 3 August 2010. The author states that US must not turn a
blind eye to Chinese pressure on Nepal to close its borders to fleeing
Tibetan dissidents. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/aug/13/tibet-nepal-tibet-refugees. Mildred Cable, et
al, “The Challenge of Central Asia: A Brief Survey of Tibet and its
Borderlands, Mongolia, North-west Kansu, Chinese Turkistan and Russian
Central Asia, published in 1929 by World Dominion Press and is available for
reading online through the University of Chicago Libraries at: http://www.archive.org/stream/MN41986ucmf_3#page/n11/mode/2up. Development and
Progress in Tibet Andrew M Fisher, “Tibet’s
Economic Growth an Accounting Illusion?” East
Asia Forum, 9 July 2015. Available
a: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/07/09/tibets-economic-growth-an-accounting-illusion/ Melvyn C.
Goldstein, Geoff Childs and Puchung Wangdui, “Beijing’s ‘People First’ Development Initiative
for the Tibet Autonomous Region’s Rural Sector – A Case Study from the Shigatse Area” The
China Journal, Issue 63 (January 2010). Pp. 57-68. The authors examine the current strategy of
the PRV that is aimed at fostering greater loyaly
among rural Tibetans by convincing them that being part of the People’s
Republic of China is beneficial to their short-term and long-germ material
well-being. Information about the
journal is available at: http://rspas.anu.edu.au/ccc/home.htm.
Xiaojiang Hu, Miguel A Salazar, The
China Journal, “Ethnicity, Rurality and Status:
Hukou and the Institutional and Cultural
Determinants of Social Status in Tibet”, No. 60 (July 2008), pp. 1-22. The authors examine the relation between ethnicity and urban-rural status in
order to achieve a better understanding of social stratification and social
tensions in the western regions of China.
Information about the journal is available at: http://rspas.anu.edu.au/ccc/home.htm.
International
Campaign For Tibet, “Request for Inspection: China Western Poverty Reduction
Project” (of the World Bank), 18 June 1999.
Available from the World Bank at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/ChinaRequest.pdf. China National
Bureau of Statistics, “Statistical Communiqué of the Tibet Autonomous Region
of the People’s Republic of China on the 2007 Regional Economic and Social
Developments”, updated 11 June 2008.
Available from Beijing Review
at http://www.bjreview.com.cn/document/txt/2008-06/11/content_126797.htm Mike Dillon, Contemporary China – An Introduction, Routledge, 2008.
Chapter 19 is devoted to Tibet.
Also included is “Western Development Program” (Chapter 21), “China
and the World 1: “Strategic Relationships” (Chapter 22); “China and the World
2: New Neighbours to the West” (Chapter 23); “China and a Harmonious
Society’? This book may be available
in some libraries in electronic form. Hugo Burgh, China: Friend of Foe? Icon Books
(Cambridge), 2006. Chapter 8 is
devoted to Tibet and East Turkestan.
This book may be available from some libraries in electronic form. Other Issues Editorial, “The
Challenge of China”, The New York Times,
10 February 2010. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/11/opinion/11thu1.html. Barry Sautman, “Tibet’s Putative Statehood and International
Law”, Chinese Journal of International
Law, Vol. 9, No. 1 (March 2010), pp. 127-142. The author examined the claim that Tibet
was independent during the Qing Dynasty or had de facto independence and concluded that the claim is not
supported by fact and law. Downloads
may be purchased at: http://chinesejil.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/127l. |
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Ningxia
Hui |
Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Last
updated: 17 August 2010 General
Background From Wikipedia: “Ningxia”. This is
relative brief, but nevertheless gives a good overview of the history of
Ningxia. It is available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia. From Chinese
Sources “Illuminating
China’s Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions: Ningxia”. Undated.
Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43597.htm. China Information
Gateway, “Introduction to Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region”. Undated. Available at:http://www.china-guide.de/english/a_profile__of_china/ningxia_hui/index.html. Opinions and Analyses Cultural Issues Edward Wong, “Violent Clashes Reported in China Over
Mosque Demolition”, The New York Times,
3 January 2012. The clash took place when villagers near the town of Hexi surrounded a mosque to try to prevent officials from
razing it. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/04/world/asia/violent-clashes-reported-in-china-over-mosque-demolition.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=tha23 “Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region” Undated from China Culture.
Available at: http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/146Scenery2762.html. Environmental Issues “Ecological Refugees Flee China’s Expanding Desert”,
dated 20 April 2009 from World Focus.
The article indicates the human consequences of excessive water usage
and grazing as millions of fertile farmland in the region is becoming desert. Available at: http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/04/20/china-environmental-refugees/5048/. Asian Development
Bank, “People’s Republic of China: Capacity Building for Integrated Ecosystem
Management in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region”,
Technical Assistance Report, December 2007.
The aim of the project is to improve environmental management for
ecosystem rehabilitation in support of sustainable rural incomes in the project
area. Available at: http://www.adb.org/Documents/TARs/PRC/41676-PRC-TAR.pdf. Human Rights Watch Hua Hua Human Rights Journal, 6 October 2009, mentioned
Ningxia in relation to the broader issue of clemency for prisoners in
China. Available at: http://www.duihua.org/hrjournal/hrjournal.htm. Development and
Progress in Ningxia Joel McCormick, “A Breakfast Solution: How to Life Millions of China’s Rural Poor Out of Destitution?” Stanford Magazine, March/April 2010. Available at: http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2010/marapr/features/reap.html. Highbeam Research list 10
or so news items about Ningxia from periodicals such as Mining Journal, Chemical Journal
and Wireless Weekly. This is available through Infoplease at: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0835712.html “Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region”, dated 2009 by the Macau Trade and
Investment Promotion Institute. It
gives a list of projects “wanting foreign investment” and “favourable
policies for foreign investment.
Available at: http://www.ipim.gov.mo/worldwide_partner_detail.php?mode=popup&tid=3921&extra=page%3D1&lang=en-us. “Ningxia Hui Autonomour Region 50 Year
On”. Undated from Beijing Review. Available at: http://www.bjreview.com.cn/special/node_20162.htm. Shengquan Ma, Ruibo Han, Huhua Cao,
“Empirical Analysis on the Level of Economic Development in Ningxia Hua Autonomous Region, Western China”, ICICIC, pp. 276,
2008 3rd International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and
Control, 2008. The paper examines
income inequality within Ningxia.
Available for downloading for a fee (except for subscribers) at: http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/ICICIC.2008.248. Richard Louis
Edmonds, “Great Western Development in the Ningxia Hui
Autonomous Region”, Provincial China,
Vol. 8, Issue 2 (October 2005), pp. 144-163.
The article is sub-titled A Cultural Remake of a Cultural Remake? Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a723924023
United Nations
Development Program, “Projects in Ningxia”, dated 2005. Most of the 7 on-going projects are
continuing through to 2012. List of
projects and links for project summaries are available at: http://www.undp.org.cn/map.php?province=Ningxia. |
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Guangxi
Zhuang |
Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Last updated:
17 August 2010 General Background From Wikipedia “Guangxi”. This has
relatively few references or external links, but the brief description of the
autonomous region is nevertheless useful.
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi.
“Zhuang People”.
Contains brief comments on the history and culture of the Zhuang people.
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_people. From Chinese
Sources “Illuminating China’s Provinces,
Municipalities and Autonomous Regions: Guangxi”. Undated.
Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43576.htm. China Information
Gateway, “Introduction to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region”. Undated. Available at: http://www.china-guide.de/english/a_profile__of_china/guangxi/index.html. “Doing Business in Guangxi”, (undated) from
China Ministry of Commerce. Available
at: http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aroundchina/Guangxi.shtml Opinions and Analyses Cultural Issues Jill Robinson and
Douglas D. Perkins, “Social Development Needs Assessment in China: Lessons
from an International collaborative Field School in guangzi
Zhuang Autonomous Region”, China Journal of Social Work,Vol. 2, No. 1, (April
2009), pp. 34-51. Downloads may be
purchased at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a908714331~tab=content. “Guangxi History”, updated 2 April, 2008 by
China Travel. A short commentary on
the ancient culture of Guangxi is included.
Available at: http://www.chinatravel.com/guangxi/history.htm. Katherine Palmer Kaup, Creating The Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China, 2000. Lynne Rienner is
the publisher. Sample pages are
available from Google Books at: http://books.google.com.au/books. Environmental
Issues Jonathan
Watts, “Health Fears Over Chinese Villagers Clearing Up Toxic Rocket
Debris", Guardian, 19 January
2010. Questions are being asked about the environmental health
impact of China's space programme amid allegations that thousands of
villagers are being recruited to clear up booster rockets and other toxic
debris. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/19/health-fears-chinese-rocket-debris. Asian Development
Bank, “Guangxi Wuzhou Urban Development Project”,
2009. The project incorporates geohazard prevention in developing the city of Wuzhou to further strengthen the economic integration of
Guangxi and its neighbouring western provinces with the Pearl River
Delta. Available at: http://www.adb.org/projects/project.asp?id=40642. Clean Development
Mechanism and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
“Facilitating Reforestation for Guangxi Watershed”, project design document
dated 21 July 2006. Available at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/H5218OI0ZWU4CTWLPLKEIETBIODYED. news
Watch “Guangxi”,
updated regularly with mainly marketing data, but also indexes news articles
of more general interest. Available
at: http://news.alibaba.com/article/list/1/guangxi.html. Guangxi Province
– News Headlines”, updated regularly, from the Chinese Outpost. Available at: http://www.chinese-outpost.com/china-news/guangxi.asp. Development and Progress in Guangxi Jonathan Watts, “Chinese Workers Strike at Honda
Lock Parts Supplier”, Guardian, 11 June 2010. The author suggests that era of
cheap manufacturing in China may be coming to an end. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/11/honda-china, Guangxi Invests in
Transportation”, dated 3 September 2009, from China Daily. The article
emphasises the importance of transport links in strengthening the trade
relations between China and ASEAN.
Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/03/content_8649463.htm. United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation Investment Promotion Programme Office for Southern China,
“Guangxi”. Undated. The document gives a brief comment on the
main industries in Guangxi. Available
at: http://www.ipa-china.org/en/Industrial_Background/2006/ipa-china244.shtml. . |
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Monitoring
Economic, Political, Cultural and Environmental Developments in Last updated:
17 January 2011 Cultural Issues *Thomas Borchert, “The Abbot’s New House: Thinking about How Religion Works among Buddhists and Ethnic
Minorities in Southwest China”, Journal
of Church and State”, Vol. 52, No. 1 (June 2010), pp. 112-137. The author uses recent experiences in Dai
People’s Autonomous Prefecture to understand how religious actors in China
work with, and not simply against, the state.
Available at: http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/06/03/jcs.csq033.extract. |
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